In this era of commerce and trade, it often happens that countries that might once have gone to war play out their antagonisms through other means. The immigration debate plays this role in Mexican American relations. For a time, the trade dispute over soft wood lumber (yes, really) fulfilled this function in Canadian American relations: At stake were different attitudes toward the role of government in industry, Canada's sensitivity to American economic power and many other issues, though you wouldn't know it if you weren't paying attention.
In Central Europe, the outstanding example of this phenomenon is the discussion of the Katyn massacre, the memory of which continues to shape the relationship between Poland and Russia. At issue is an event that took place 70 years ago: the Soviet Union's murder of some 20,000 Polish officers in the spring of 1940. The officers had been captured by the Red Army, which invaded eastern Poland in 1939 just after Nazi Germany invaded from the West. Soviet secret police murdered them on the direct order of Joseph Stalin. Later, Stalin switched sides, joining the Allies against Hitler, and he blamed the Germans for the officers' murder. That lie remained part of official Soviet and Polish communist history until communism collapsed and the Soviet Union fell apart. In 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev, the last Soviet communist leader, took responsibility for the murders. In 1991, the first Russian president, Boris Yeltsin, published the archival documentation.
Seventy years is a long time: The grandchildren of the officers who died at Katyn are now middle-aged and elderly. Yet only last month, a Russian magazine sued a Polish magazine for "extremism" and "anti-Russian sentiments" because, among other things, it had published historically accurate articles about Katyn. A couple of years ago, a Russian archivist told me that some members of parliament had been pressing him to work on the story, too: They wanted him to prove that the Germans had committed the murders and that Yeltsin had faked those archival documents to curry favor with the West.
In fact, "Katyn denial" has become, among certain Russian politicians and journalists, a vehicle for expressing anger at Poland's wholehearted embrace of Western institutions and of Western-style democracy -- and this is how Poles understand it, too. In 2007, a Russian government-owned newspaper printed a nasty review of a Polish movie about the massacres -- "Katyn," by Andrzej Wajda -- and Russian cinemas subsequently refused to show the film. Rightly or wrongly, Poles interpreted these decisions as proof that Russia still harbors imperial designs on its neighbors. This is not, in other words, an argument about history but, rather, an argument about contemporary politics, conducted in the form of a historical debate.
All of which is a roundabout way of explaining why the broadcast of that film on Russian state television last Friday was so surprising. There is wide consensus that "Katyn" could not have been shown without the personal approval of the Russian prime minister, Vladimir Putin. And the timing was not accidental: On Tuesday Putin will attend the 70th anniversary commemoration ceremony in the Katyn forest, along with his Polish counterpart. Putin is the first Russian leader ever to attend such an event, and this is the first time such a ceremony has had any official Russian patronage. Afterward, the two prime ministers will meet with the wonderfully named "Polish-Russian Committee on Difficult Matters" to discuss archives, monuments and history more generally.
Why is this happening now? Putin hasn't shown any previous inclination to dwell on Soviet atrocities -- on the contrary, his official policy has been to play them down. His government has sponsored history textbooks describing Stalin as "the most successful Soviet leader ever," and he has brought Soviet flags and songs back into Russian public life. He also has a lot on his plate at the moment. Surely last week's terrorist attacks in Moscow, Russia's economic troubles and the rumblings of popular protest across the country take precedence over the commemoration of a crime committed seven decades ago -- unless, of course, these accumulating difficulties are themselves the explanation for the change of heart.
Perhaps Putin, having more difficult issues to worry about, has tired of this ancient quarrel. Perhaps he wants something -- oil and gas concessions -- from the Polish government. Or perhaps the Russian elite has finally worked out that their country cannot be modernized if Russia's citizens maintain a Stalinist mentality and a Stalinist interpretation of history. If that is the case, then this will be the first of many such ghosts that will need to be laid to rest. But maybe, just maybe, a different Russian foreign policy would follow.
The Washington Post
Katyn massacre
07.04.2010
